Although subjects with renal transplant are a high-risk group for mental distress, few studies have compared them with patients with different chronic conditions with respect to mental health. The purpose of the present study was to compare the symptoms of anxiety and depression among subjects with renal transplant in comparison to the sufferers of other chronic conditions and healthy subjects. In this cross-sectional study, we selected patients with one of the following five chronic medical conditions: renal transplantation (n=383), chronic hemodialysis (n=68), coronary artery disease (CAD) (n=675), rheumatoid conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis) (n=666), and viral hepatitis (n=80). The subjects comprised of 1872 patients and a subgroup of 362 healthy persons. Demographic data and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) were registered. Anxiety and depression were compared in all the groups using the ANOVA test. Chronic conditions were divided into several homogenous groups via the Turkey test. Renal transplant recipients reported intermediate levels of anxiety and depression, while chronic viral hepatitis, chronic hemodialysis, and rheumatologic patients had the highest anxiety levels, and the chronic hemodialysis patients had the highest levels of depression. Age showed significant correlations with the HADS Depression score in renal transplant recipients similar to the rheumatologic and hemodialysis patients. Inconclusion, renal transplantation recipients require a psychological consideration with a medium importance; as different chronic diseases are dissimilar in terms of anxiety and depression.