All kidney transplant surgeons should be familiar with vascular complications of kidney transplantation. The purpose of this study was to document vascular complications following cadaveric and living kidney transplants in order to assess the overall incidence of these complications at our center and to identify possible risk factors. In a retrospective cohort study, 1500 consecutive renal transplanted patients who received a live or cadaveric kidney between December 1988 and July 2006 in a regional transplant center were evaluated. The anatomy and number of renal arteries and the incidence of vascular complications were found from color doppler ultrasonography studies, angiographic investigations, or explorations. Clinically apparent vascular complications was seen in 8.86% of all patients with renal transplants (n=133). The most frequent vascular complications were formed by hemorrhage (n=91; 6.1%) followed by renal arterial stenosis (n=26; 1.7%), renal artery thrombosis (n=9; 0.6%), and renal vein thrombosis (n=7; 0.5%). Recipients from cadaveric sources suffered from vascular complications more frequently than recipients from live donors (12.5% vs. 7.97%; p=0.017). The rate of vascular complications was significantly higher among recipients of renal allografts with multiple arteries rather than single arteries. (12.3% vs. 8.2%; p=0.033) The same was true regarding venous variation. (25.4% vs. 8.2%; p0.000). In conclusion, vascular complications were more frequent among allografts with multiple renal vasculatures. The performance of live donor transplantation as the main procedure leads to lower incidence of vascular complications after renal transplantation.