The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether kidney transplantation may stabilize polyneuropathy in uremic type 1 diabetic patients (end-stage renal disease [ESRD] and type 1 diabetes), who received a successful kidney transplantation (KT). Twenty five KT patients underwent electroneurographic tests of sural, peroneal, ulnar, and median nerves: the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) index and amplitudes of both sensory action potentials (SAPs) and compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) were analyzed longitudinally at 1, 2, and 3 years after kidney transplantation. Eleven patients with ESRD and type 1 diabetes who not received kidney transplantation served as control subjects. In both groups optimal glycemic control was obtained according to blood HgA1c level. The NCV score improved in the KT group up to the 1-year time point (P = 0.01 versus baseline) and stabilized 2 years later, whereas the same parameter did not change significantly in the control group throughout the follow-up period or when a cross-sectional analysis between groups was performed. Either SAP or CMAP amplitudes recovered in the KT group, whereas they continued worsening in control subjects. In conclusion, kidney transplantation seems to prevent long-term worsening of polyneuropathy in patients with ESRD and type 1 diabetes who receives kidney transplantation. No statistical differences between the two groups were evident on cross-sectional analysis.