Kidney transplant recipients admit to hospital secondary to different diseases or complications. This study compares the fatality of different causes of post renal transplantation re-hospitalizations. We randomly selected 419 records of re-hospitalization after kidney transplantation from 1995 to 2005 in a universitybased referral center for kidney transplantation hospital, Tehran, Iran. The causes of re-hospitalization were categorized into infection, surgical complication, CVA, malignancy, and renal dysfunction. Fatality was defined as the relative frequency of death in all admissions with a same cause, was calculated for each cause.: From all 419 admissions, Fatality was 40% for CVA, 14.3% for surgical complications, 5.3% for drug complications, 7% for infection, and 4.8% for renal dysfunction. No death was seen in cases with the diagnosis of malignancy. CVA and surgical complications are among the causes of post renal transplant re-hospitalizations with the highest fatality. These causes should be considered as the principle targets of preventive strategies, in order to improving the long term survival of the kidney transplant recipients.