Anxiety and depression, which are known causes of morbidity are beenig reported both in hemodialysis (HD) and kidney transplanted (Tx) patients. It’s controversial whether HD or Tx have a lower severe anxiety or depression. We designed this study to evaluate these symptoms in HD and Tx patients.In a cross-sectional study in Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2006; we randomly selected 32 Tx and 39 HD patients. The two groups were matched for sex, age, marital status, educational level and comorbidities. Inclusion criteria for Tx were a stable condition with a functioning kidney, and transplantation, at least 6 months, before the study. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed by using Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). Demographic and clinical data were assessed too. We compared the severity of anxiety and depression between the two groups. Anxiety score was significantly lower in Tx versus HD patients (8.61±3.09 vs. 10.41±2.77, P=0.01). There was no significant difference between two groups in the score of depression (P>0.05). In Tx patients, the severity of anxiety was higher in patients with a history of graft rejection and those with age at transplantation under 35. The severity of depressive symptoms was higher in those with lower educational level. The finding that the severity of anxiety decreases after transplantation is a promising finding, however the depression seems not to change after transplantation. This study also represents the history of rejection, younger age at transplantation and the low education as risk factors for a poorer mental health, after transplantation.