The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum EPO concentration and its correlation with hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in dialysis patients and renal allograft recipients (RAR). In a comparative, cross sectional study, serum EPO level was measured by ELISA in 75 dialysis patients and RAR. Group 1 (n = 40): RAR who were on standard triple immunosuppressive therapy and had stable kidney function for at least 6 months after transplantation. Group 2 (n =35) included chronic hemodialysis patients divided based on their recombinent human (rHu) EPO supplementation into those received rHu EPO during dialysis (2A, n =15) and those who were not on rHu EPO (2B, n = 20). Data are presented in mean +/- SD. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.0. Comparisons between groups were made by Chi-square and ANOVA. General linear model (GLM) was used to compensate the effects of age. Correlation was made by Pearson test. P value was set at 0.05. The mean age of patients was 45.5 +/- 12.3 years with male to female ratio of ~ 1. Group 2B patients tended to be older than groups 1 and 2A (P = 0.014). The sex ratios were comparable between groups. Mean EPO level was 17.09 +/- 10.99 mIU/mL in RAR that was comparable to that of dialysis patients (18.54 +/- 26.18 mIU/mL, P>0.05). No significant correlation was found between the serum EPO and Hb and Hct in renal transplant recipients (P>0.05). However, HCT but not Hb was correlated with EPO level in dialysis patients (P = 0.046 and 0.056, respectively). When comparing three groups (1, 2A and 2B), in neither group, EPO, Hct and Hb were correlated. Hb and HCT was significantly high in dialysis patients who were not on rHu EPO therapy (P= 0.02). Age was not correlated with erythropoietin in either groups (P>0.05). GLM, with age as a covariate did not yeild in a significant difference between EPO levels of the studied groups (P = 0.36). Serum EPO levels are rather comparable between RAR and dialysis patients irrespective of their rHu EPO supplementation.