Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a RNA virus with six known genotypes. The Prevalence of HCV infection in the world is almost 3%. In hemodialysis patients the prevalence of HCV positivity is reported to be from 1-54% depending on the methods used for detection of HCV. Liver disease in kidney transplant recipients has been attributed to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), ethanol, hemosiderosis and drugs such as azathioprine and cyclosporine-A. HCV infection is currently the main cause of chronic liver disease in this group and it may affect allograft outcome. Whether HCV infection after renal transplantation adversely affects graft and patient survival remains controversial. Several series have reported no impact on short and long-term patient and graft survival. In fact, comparative studies using different immunosuppressive protocols are not available. The differences in the results of the studies may be explained by confounding factors, e.g., differences in immunosuppressive protocols, design and methodology to diagnose HCV infection and difference in HCV genotypes. Treatment protocols for HCV associated liver disease should be considered before renal transplantation. Nevertheless, transplantation is the best option for the HCV-positive patient with end-stage renal disease and less hepatotoxic immunosuppressive agents may decrease the incidence of post transplant liver disease in HCV positive patients. This review will discuss the studies regarding the impact of HCV infection on short term outcome in renal transplantation.