Kidney transplantation and immunosuppression predispose patients to infections including tuberculosis (TB). Tuberculosis may have a great effect on both acute and chronic rejection especially in developing countries. In this preliminary report we compare 83 cases of TB (54 pulmonary, 24 extra pulmonary and 5 miliary) with 322 controls who were matched regarding name of surgeons, treatment centre and time of transplantation. Except five centres whose data are not completely gathered, our data were collected from 10 kidney transplantation centres of Islamic Republic of Iran since 1990. Underlying disease for renal failure was quite similar in both groups. Male to female ratio and mean age were 40/43 and 182/140(p=0.26); and 37.5±12.8 (1-66) and 36.3±12.6 (12-67) years (p=0.47) in cases and controls, respectively. Eleven cases (13.8%) and 38 controls (12%) lived in rural areas (P=0.4). Mean duration of hemodialysis prior to transplantation was 31.2 (4-192) and 21.2 (1-180) months in above groups, respectively (p=0.03). Among non- specific diagnostic tests, 1st hour ESR(mean: 76.2 Vs 54.6,p=0.001), absolute number of basophils in CBC (105.2 /µL,range:10-180 ; 48.8 /µL, range: 5-318 ,P= 0.05 ), percentage of basophils in leukocyte count(1.53 %,range:0.1-4.9 ; 0.67%,range:0.1-3,P=0.002 ), absolute number of band neutrophils (:301 /µL,range:10-1034; 15.2 /µL,range:5-871,P= 0.01) ,percentage of band neutrophils in leukocyte count(3.5% ,range:0.1-13; 1.9%,range:0.1-13,P=0.001),were helpful for diagnosis. In spite of underlying disease, history of previous tuberculosis in patients, first relatives and close friends seems to be helpful for diagnosis. Prolonged duration of hemodialysis prior to transplantation sounds to be a risk factor.